Engine Downsizing; Global Approach to Reduce Emissions: A World-Wide Review

Mohammad Mostafa Namar; Omid Jahanian; Rouzbeh Shafaghat; Kamyar Nikzadfar

doi:10.28991/HIJ-2021-02-04-010

Authors

Mohammad Mostafa Namar
m.namar@stu.nit.ac.ir
Mechanical Engineering, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol,, Iran, Islamic Republic of https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2161-8948
Omid Jahanian Mechanical Engineering, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol,, Iran, Islamic Republic of
Rouzbeh Shafaghat Mechanical Engineering, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol,, Iran, Islamic Republic of
Kamyar Nikzadfar 1) Mechanical Engineering, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol, Iran. 2) Assistant Professor, School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Automotive Engineering, Coventry University, Coventry,, United Kingdom

Vol. 2 No. 4 (2021): December

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Engine downsizing is a promising method to reduce emissions and fuel consumption of internal combustion engines. The main concept is to reduce engine displacement volume while keeping the needed output characteristics unchanged. The issue has become one of the most current fields of interest in recent years after the International Energy Agency set a target of a 50% reduction in global average emissions by the year 2030. In this review paper, different aspects of researchers' efforts on engine downsizing are configured and, due to overlaps, categorized into five main areas. Each category is discussed thoroughly, and recent works are highlighted. The global attention in these categories, the countries involved and the trend change in the last four years are presented in detail.

Doi: 10.28991/HIJ-2021-02-04-010

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Namar, M. M., Jahanian, O., Shafaghat, R., & Nikzadfar, K. (2021). Engine Downsizing; Global Approach to Reduce Emissions: A World-Wide Review. HighTech and Innovation Journal, 2(4), 384–399. https://doi.org/10.28991/HIJ-2021-02-04-010

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De Bellis, V., Bozza, F., Teodosio, L., & Valentino, G. (2017). Experimental and numerical study of the water injection to improve the fuel economy of a small size turbocharged SI engine. SAE International Journal of Engines, 10(2), 550–561. doi:10.4271/2017-01-0540.

Worm, J., Naber, J., Duncan, J., Barros, S., & Atkinson, W. (2017). Water Injection as an Enabler for Increased Efficiency at High-Load in a Direct Injected, Boosted, SI Engine. SAE International Journal of Engines, 10(3), 951–958. doi:10.4271/2017-01-0663.

Tornatore, C., Siano, D., Marchitto, L., Iacobacci, A., Valentino, G., & Bozza, F. (2017). Water Injection: a Technology to Improve Performance and Emissions of Downsized Turbocharged Spark Ignited Engines. SAE International Journal of Engines, 10(5), 2319–2329. doi:10.4271/2017-24-0062.

Baíªta, J. G. C., Pontoppidan, M., & Silva, T. R. V. (2015). Exploring the limits of a down-sized ethanol direct injection spark ignited engine in different configurations in order to replace high-displacement gasoline engines. Energy Conversion and Management, 105, 858–871. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2015.08.041.

Cho, J., Si, W., Jang, W., Jin, D., Myung, C. L., & Park, S. (2015). Impact of intermediate ethanol blends on particulate matter emission from a spark ignition direct injection (SIDI) engine. Applied Energy, 160, 592–602. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.08.010.

Jo, Y. S., Bromberg, L., & Heywood, J. (2016). Optimal Use of Ethanol in Dual Fuel Applications: Effects of Engine Downsizing, Spark Retard, and Compression Ratio on Fuel Economy. SAE International Journal of Engines, 9(2), 1087–1101. doi:10.4271/2016-01-0786.

Moslemin Koupaie, M., Cairns, A., Vafamehr, H., & Lanzanova, T. (2017). Cyclically Resolved Flame and Flow Imaging in an SI Engine Operating with Future Ethanol Fuels. SAE Technical Papers. doi:10.4271/2017-01-0655.

Martins, F. P., Boggio, S. D. M., Lacava, P. T., De Andrade, C. R., Penaranda, A., Silva, M. F., & Sbampato, M. E. (2017). A Study about Imaging Post Processing in Flame Front Detection in an Optical Research Engine Operating with Anhydrous Ethanol. SAE Technical Papers. doi:10.4271/2017-36-0388.

Scala, F., Galloni, E., & Fontana, G. (2016). Numerical analysis of a downsized spark-ignition engine fueled by butanol/gasoline blends at part-load operation. Applied Thermal Engineering, 102, 383–390. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.03.137.

Galloni, E., Fontana, G., Staccone, S., & Scala, F. (2016). Performance analyses of a spark-ignition engine firing with gasoline-butanol blends at partial load operation. Energy Conversion and Management, 110, 319–326. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2015.12.038.

Lattimore, T., Herreros, J. M., Xu, H., & Shuai, S. (2016). Investigation of compression ratio and fuel effect on combustion and PM emissions in a DISI engine. Fuel, 169, 68–78. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2015.10.044.

Scala, F., Galloni, E., & Fontana, G. (2017). Numerical Analysis of a Spark-Ignition Engine Fueled by Ethanol-Gasoline and Butanol-Gasoline Blends: Setting the Optimum Spark Advance. SAE Technical Papers. doi:10.4271/2017-24-0117.

Tan, X., & Azimov, U. (2017). Diesel engine downsizing with application of biofuels. International Journal of Energy and Environment, 8(5), 413-426.

Su, J., Lin, W., Sterniak, J., Xu, M., & Bohac, S. V. (2014). Particulate Matter Emission Comparison of Spark Ignition Direct Injection (SIDI) and Port Fuel Injection (PFI) Operation of a Boosted Gasoline Engine. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, 136(9). doi:10.1115/1.4027274.

Hoffmann, G., Befrui, B., Berndorfer, A., Piock, W. F., & Varble, D. L. (2014). Fuel System Pressure Increase for Enhanced Performance of GDi Multi-Hole Injection Systems. SAE International Journal of Engines, 7(1), 519–527. doi:10.4271/2014-01-1209.

Su, J., Xu, M., Yin, P., Gao, Y., & Hung, D. (2014). Particle Number Emissions Reduction Using Multiple Injection Strategies in a Boosted Spark-Ignition Direct-Injection (SIDI) Gasoline Engine. SAE International Journal of Engines, 8(1), 20–29. doi:10.4271/2014-01-2845.

Xu, Z., Zhou, Z., Wu, T., Li, T., Cheng, C., & Yin, H. (2016). Investigations of Smoke Emission, Fuel Dilution and Pre-Ignition in a 2.0L Turbo-Charged GDI Engine. SAE Technical Papers. doi:10.4271/2016-01-0698.

Dalla Nora, M., Lanzanova, T., Zhang, Y., & Zhao, H. (2016). Engine Downsizing through Two-Stroke Operation in a Four-Valve GDI Engine. SAE Technical Papers. doi:10.4271/2016-01-0674.

Li, T., Zheng, B., & Yin, T. (2015). Fuel conversion efficiency improvements in a highly boosted spark-ignition engine with ultra-expansion cycle. Energy Conversion and Management, 103, 448–458. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2015.06.078.

Li, T., Wang, B., & Zheng, B. (2016). A comparison between Miller and five-stroke cycles for enabling deeply downsized, highly boosted, spark-ignition engines with ultra expansion. Energy Conversion and Management, 123, 140–152. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2016.06.038.

Li, T., Gao, Y., Wang, J., & Chen, Z. (2014). The Miller cycle effects on improvement of fuel economy in a highly boosted, high compression ratio, direct-injection gasoline engine: EIVC vs. LIVC. Energy Conversion and Management, 79, 59–65. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2013.12.022.

Gheorghiu, V., (2011). Ultra-Downsizing of Internal Combustion Engines: Simultaneous Increasing of Thermal Conversion Efficiency and Power while reducing emissions. 16th Asia Pacific Automotive Engineering Conference. doi:10.4271/2011-28-0049.

Sroka, Z. J. (2012). Some aspects of thermal load and operating indexes after downsizing for internal combustion engine. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 110(1), 51–58. doi:10.1007/s10973-011-2064-x.

Alix, G., Dabadie, J.-C., & Font, G. (2015). An ICE Map Generation Tool Applied to the Evaluation of the Impact of Downsizing on Hybrid Vehicle Consumption. SAE Technical Paper Series. doi:10.4271/2015-24-2385.

Leach, F., Stone, R., Richardson, D., Lewis, A., Akehurst, S., Turner, J., Remmert, S., Campbell, S., & Cracknell, R. F. (2018). Particulate emissions from a highly boosted gasoline direct injection engine. International Journal of Engine Research, 19(3), 347–359. doi:10.1177/1468087417710583.

Mutzke, J., Scott, B., Stone, R., & Williams, J. (2016). The Effect of Combustion Knock on the Instantaneous Heat Flux in Spark Ignition Engines. SAE Technical Paper Series. doi:10.4271/2016-01-0700.

Leguille, M., Ravet, F., Le Moine, J., Pomraning, E., Richards, K., & Senecal, P. K. (2017). Coupled Fluid-Solid Simulation for the Prediction of Gas-Exposed Surface Temperature Distribution in a SI Engine. SAE Technical Paper Series. doi:10.4271/2017-01-0669.

Jatana, G. S., & Kaul, B. C. (2017). Determination of SI Combustion Sensitivity to Fuel Perturbations as a Cyclic Control Input for Highly Dilute Operation. SAE International Journal of Engines, 10(3), 1011–1018. doi:10.4271/2017-01-0681.

Tong, S., Li, H., Yang, Z., Deng, J., Hu, Z., & Li, L. (2015). Cycle Resolved Combustion and Pre-Ignition Diagnostic Employing Ion Current in a PFI Boosted SI Engine. SAE Technical Paper Series. doi:10.4271/2015-01-0881.

Teodosio, L., De Bellis, V., Bozza, F., & Tufano, D. (2017). Numerical Study of the Potential of a Variable Compression Ratio Concept Applied to a Downsized Turbocharged VVA Spark Ignition Engine. SAE Technical Paper Series. doi:10.4271/2017-24-0015.

Zhao, D., Winward, E., Yang, Z., Stobart, R., Mason, B., & Steffen, T. (2018). An Integrated Framework on Characterization, Control, and Testing of an Electrical Turbocharger Assist. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 65(6), 4897–4908. doi:10.1109/TIE.2017.2774726.

Bonatesta, F., Altamore, G., Kalsi, J., & Cary, M. (2016). Fuel economy analysis of part-load variable camshaft timing strategies in two modern small-capacity spark ignition engines. Applied Energy, 164, 475–491. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.11.057.

De Bellis, V. (2016). Performance optimization of a spark-ignition turbocharged VVA engine under knock limited operation. Applied Energy, 164, 162–174. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.11.097.

Li, H., Wang, K., Wang, L., Li, Y., & Fan, J. (2017). Effect of Geometric Structure of Cylinder Head on the Combustion Process in a Diesel Engine. SAE Technical Paper Series. doi:10.4271/2017-01-0692.

Millo, F., Mirzaeian, M., Luisi, S., Doria, V., & Stroppiana, A. (2016). Engine displacement modularity for enhancing automotive s.i. engines efficiency at part load. Fuel, 180, 645–652. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2016.04.049.

Dulbecco, A., Richard, S., & Angelberger, C. (2015). Investigation on the Potential of Quantitatively Predicting CCV in DI-SI Engines by Using a One-Dimensional CFD Physical Modeling Approach: Focus on Charge Dilution and In-Cylinder Aerodynamics Intensity. SAE International Journal of Engines, 8(5), 2012–2028. doi:10.4271/2015-24-2401.

Acceptance Rate:	27%
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Engine Downsizing; Global Approach to Reduce Emissions: A World-Wide Review

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Engine Downsizing; Global Approach to Reduce Emissions: A World-Wide Review

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Publisher & Affiliated Societies

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Most Cited Articles

Towards Bayesian Quantification of Permeability in Micro-scale Porous Structures – The Database of Micro Networks

Physicochemical and Microstructural Characterization of Klias Peat, Lumadan POFA, and GGBFS for Geopolymer Based Soil Stabilization

Seismic Upgradation of RC Beams Strengthened with Externally Bonded Spent Catalyst Based Ferrocement Laminates

Temporal Trends of Rainfall and Temperature over Two Sub-Divisions of Western Ghats

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