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High-Tech Models for Simulating the Wounding Effects of Projectiles of Small Calibres: Benefits for Security Management

Ludvík Juříček, Katarína Pagáčová, David Mazák, Olga Vojtěchovská

Abstract


The aim of this study is to analyse the effects of projectiles of small calibres on the human femur using an innovative indirect identification method. A heterogeneous physical model was developed that combines ballistic gelatine for soft tissues and porcine femur as an analogue for human bone to simulate gunshot injuries under ethical and economic conditions. The study evaluated three types of ammunition: 9 mm Luger pistol cartridges and two micro-calibre rifle cartridges, 5.56×45 mm (SS 109) and 5.45×39 mm (7H6). Ballistic testing measured impact and exit velocities, assessed bone tissue destruction, soft tissue damage, and the temporary cavity created by projectiles. The findings reveal that micro-calibre rifle projectiles cause up to twice the bone destruction and more extensive soft tissue damage compared to pistol ammunition. The study also highlights the significant role of liquid structures in the medullary cavity in amplifying bone damage. These results improve ballistic testing methodologies, offering valuable insights for crisis management, security operations, and the development of protective equipment. The proposed model serves as a critical tool for understanding the effects on human tissues, aiding in forensic analysis, and advancing experimental ballistics. This research opens new opportunities for applications in the security and health disciplines.

 

Doi: 10.28991/HIJ-2025-06-01-010

Full Text: PDF


Keywords


Physical Model; Ballistic Experiment; Complex Gunshot Injury; Indirect Identification Method; Projectiles of Small Calibres; Live Tissue Substitution; Wounding Effect of a Projectile; Wounding Potential of a Projectile.

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DOI: 10.28991/HIJ-2025-06-01-010

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